Frederick M. Ranallo-Higgins graduated from the University of Colorado in 2005 with a BA in Art History and Religious Studies and received his MA in Korean History from Columbia University in 2010; he is currently a PhD student in Buddhist Studies and Korean Religions. His research interests include Korean intellectual and religious history; subversion and dissent in Choson-period Korea; new religious and intellectual movements from Late Choson to the early years of Japanese occupation; Korean shamanism; and Won Buddhism. Frederick is also an active painter and is interested in occult studies.